Hydraulics is the science of using liquids to generate and control power, allowing machinery to move heavy loads with precision. Forklifts, cranes, and excavators use hydraulics to move shipping containers, soil, debris, and loaded pallets within constricted spaces such as loading docks and warehouses. Without the balance of power and control provided by hydraulic systems and the hydraulic oil needed to lubricate them, much of today’s industrial equipment would not exist.
Hydraulic oils and fluids are critical components of any hydraulic system, but the type of fluid used varies depending on the technology. Water, for example, is essential for generating power in a hydroelectric power plant. Industrial machinery, however, requires a fluid that reduces friction, prevents corrosion, and ensures reliable performance. Thus, oil is the fluid of choice.
Hydraulic oils are specially formulated lubricants that prevent corrosion, transfer heat, remove contaminants, and lubricate equipment. They are designed to perform under various conditions, such as pressure differentials, operational stresses, and temperature variations. However, no one oil is right for all applications. Understanding the properties of the most common types of hydraulic oils—mineral-based or synthetic—can ensure optimum machine performance within budget constraints.
What to Consider When Choosing Hydraulic Oils
Heavy equipment and machines are the backbone of industries like manufacturing, agriculture, automotive, and logistics. They enable high-volume crop harvesting, efficient part production, and swift goods delivery from ship to shore. This is all made possible by the reliable operation of hydraulic systems.
For hydraulic systems to operate reliably, they need specially formulated hydraulic oils to protect equipment from adverse operating conditions. How well these oils perform depends on the following properties:
- Viscosity: Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Higher viscosity means the fluid flows more slowly and resists movement. The correct viscosity ensures proper lubrication at operating speed.
- Lubrication: Friction causes equipment wear and tear, shortening its usable life. Lubricants are designed to reduce friction in hydraulic systems.
- Oxidization: When oil interacts with oxygen, its properties change. Oxidation increases viscosity due to accumulating sludge and deposits that can clog filters and damage machines.
- Additives: Additives are blended into petroleum-based oils to address limitations in specific operating environments.
Allegheny Petroleum has customized capabilities to supply hydraulic oils with additives to enhance performance.
Understanding Mineral-Based Hydraulic Oils
Mineral-based hydraulic oils have existed since the 1920s. They can cost-effectively deliver enhanced machine performance, protection, and lubrication. These oils will perform well even under demanding mining, construction, and manufacturing working conditions. They also protect against rust and corrosion, resist chemical decomposition in water, and facilitate water separation.
However, mineral-based oils may be less effective in environments with temperature and oxidation stability concerns. Petroleum-based oils perform best between 100 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Overheating can result in fluid breakdown, viscosity changes, damaged seals, and system failures. Oxidation is more likely to occur as temperatures rise. If not carefully monitored, overheating can degrade performance and damage equipment.
Exploring Synthetic Hydraulic Oils
Synthetic hydraulic oils are chemically produced oils that enhance performance under specific conditions. They can operate at extreme temperatures, reducing the risk of oil decomposition and oxidization. However, they are more expensive and may not be compatible with certain sealant materials. Synthetic oils can also be highly specialized, restricting their widespread application.
Choosing Hydraulic Oils
Selecting the correct hydraulic oil for a given application can be challenging. With numerous options on the market and varying criteria, how should companies decide which hydraulic oil is best for their use? The following steps can help:
- Review equipment specifications: Manufacturers may recommend specific hydraulic oils that demonstrate the best performance.
- Operating environment: If a range of hydraulic oils is available, evaluate the operating environment. Extreme temperatures or environmental conditions may indicate that synthetic oil is preferred.
- Performance: Establishing performance criteria can help rank different options. If an implementation is well within the range covered by mineral-based oils, cost may be the deciding factor.
- Cost: While budget is always a consideration, choosing the right hydraulic oil can be a smart financial decision. Consider more than just the initial purchase price. Will slightly more expensive oil reduce maintenance frequency? If the equipment can last longer without needing servicing, the more expensive oil could save money by allowing for less downtime and lower labor costs.
- Environmental Impact: Disposal of hydraulic oils can profoundly impact the environment. While synthetic oils may have less impact than mineral-based oils, they still pose an environmental risk if spilled, as they can contaminate soil and water.
Choosing the right hydraulic oil can be a complex task. Consulting an expert in hydraulic oils can make this process painless. Allegheny Petroleum, a trusted manufacturer of high-quality industrial, automotive, and fleet lubricants, is ready to advise you on the best oils for your company’s use. Contact Allegheny Petroleum to discuss your hydraulic oil needs.